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Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society
The Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society was an advocacy group started by former asylum patients and their supporters in 19th century Britain. The Society campaigned for greater protection against wrongful confinement or cruel and improper treatment, and for reform of the lunacy laws. The Society is recognized today as a pioneer of the psychiatric survivors movement.
==Background==
There was concern in the United Kingdom in the 19th century about wrongful confinement in private madhouses, or asylums, and the mistreatment of patients, with tales of such abuses appearing in newspapers and magazines. The Madhouses Act 1774 had introduced a process of certification and a system for licensing and inspecting private madhouses, but had been ineffectual in reducing abuses or allaying public anxiety.〔P. McCandless (1981) Liberty and lunacy: the Victorians and wrongful confinement. In A. Scull (ed), ''Madhouses, mad-doctors, and madmen: the social history of psychiatry in the Victorian era''. London: The Athlone Press, 339-62.〕 Doctors in the 19th century were establishing themselves as arbiters of sanity but were reliant on subjective diagnoses and tended to equate insanity with eccentric or immoral behaviour. Public suspicion of their motives was also aroused by the profits that were made from private madhouses.〔
In 1838, Richard Paternoster, a former civil servant in the East India Company, was discharged after 41 days in a London madhouse (William Finch's madhouse at Kensington) having been detained following a disagreement with his father over money. Once free, he published, via his solicitors, a letter in The Times announcing his release.〔S. Wise (2012) ''Inconvenient people: lunacy, liberty and the mad-doctors in Victorian England''. London: The Bodley Head, 64.〕 The letter was read by John Perceval, a son of prime minister Spencer Perceval. Perceval had spent three years in two of the most expensive private asylums in England, Brislington House in Bristol, run by Quaker Edward Long Fox, and Ticehurst Asylum in Sussex. His treatment had been brutal in the Brislington House; at Ticehurst the regime was more humane but his release had been delayed. Perceval contacted Paternoster and they were soon joined by several former patients and others: William Bailey (an inventor and business man who had spent several years in madhouses); Lewis Phillips (a glassware manufacturer who had been incarcerated in Thomas Warburton's asylum); John Parkin (a surgeon and former asylum patient); Captain Richard Saumarez (whose father was the surgeon Richard Saumarez and whose two brothers were Chancery lunatics); and Luke James Hansard (a philanthropist from the family of parliamentary printers).〔S. Wise (2012) ''Inconvenient people: lunacy, liberty and the mad-doctors in Victorian England''. London: The Bodley Head, 68-72.〕 This group was to form the core of the Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society, although the Society would not be formally founded until 1845.
The group began their campaign by sending letters to the press, lobbying Members of Parliament (MPs) and government officials, and publishing pamphlets.〔S. Wise (2012) ''Inconvenient people: lunacy, liberty and the mad-doctors in Victorian England''. London: The Bodley Head, 72.〕 John Perceval was elected to the Board of Poor Law Guardians in the parish of Kensington (although he was opposed to the New Poor Law) and was able to join magistrates on their visits of inspection to asylums. Richard Paternoster and Lewis Phillips brought court cases against the people who had incarcerated them. John Perceval published two books about his experience. Richard Paternoster wrote a series of articles for ''The Satirist'' magazine; these were published in 1841 as a book called ''The Madhouse System''.〔R. Paternoster (1841) (''The Madhouse System'' ). London.〕
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